![]() The collective effort and interest in gathering such data would benefit from a structured method and definition of features of interest. ![]() However, despite years of efforts in monitoring these phenomena, few data on debris flows have been shared in open databases. Debris-flow monitoring is performed for various purposes including understanding debris-flow initiation ( Bel, 2017) and increasing knowledge about the physics of the flows ( Theule et al., 2018) and impact forces ( Nagl et al., 2022). ( 2019) show the various designs of the monitoring stations and their different objectives. ![]() Monitoring of debris flow was pioneered in the 1970s (e.g. in Japan, Suwa et al., 2011), and more monitoring stations have been developed in the past 20 years ( Hürlimann et al., 2019), allowing for a wide range of debris-flow events in different torrent morphology to be observed. The destructive nature of debris flows, as well as their sporadic behaviour, makes debris-flow measurements in the field difficult. Finally, we show that Froude numbers of such surges are near critical. The peak discharge range is around a few dozen cubic metres per second. The peak flow height of surges ranges from 1 to 2 m. Volumes of debris-flow surges on the Réal torrent are typically sized at a few thousand cubic metres. Raw data from three monitoring stations on the Réal torrent (drainage area: 2 km 2, southeastern France) are used to illustrate an application to 34 surges measured from 2011 to 2020 at three monitoring stations. Requirements for monitoring stations for the methodology to be applicable include (i) flow height measurements, (ii) a cross-section assumption and (iii) a velocity estimation. We suggest a method to access such features at the surge scale that can be applied to a wide variety of monitoring stations. Providing bulk surge features like volume, peak discharge, front height, front velocity and Froude numbers allows for numerical and experimental debris-flow investigations to be designed with narrower physical ranges and thus for deeper scientific questions to be explored. This paper presents a methodology to analyse debris flows focusing at the surge scale rather than the full scale of the debris-flow event, as well as its application to a French site.
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